ON THIS DAY IN 1986: USA SHUTTLE CHALLENGER BLOWS UP ON LIFTOFF ON LIVE TV...........FIRST AMERICAN CIVILIAN AND WOMAN ASTRONAUT FROM ISRAEL ARE KILLED IN EXPLOSION
January 28, 2008
JANUARY 28, 1986
STS-51L- "CHALLENGER SHUTTLE"
BLOWS UP ON LIFTOFF
FROM NASA.GOV
Mission: TDRS-2; SPARTAN-203 Satellites Space Shuttle: Challenger Launch Pad: 39B Launch Weight: 268,829 pounds Launched: Jan. 28, 1986, 11:38:00 a.m. EST Revolution: 0 Mission Duration: 1 minute, 13 seconds Orbit Altitude: 150 nautical miles (planned) Orbit Inclination: 28.5 degrees (planned) Miles Traveled: 18 miles
The first shuttle liftoff scheduled from Pad B. Launch was set for 3:43 p.m. EST, Jan. 22, slipped to Jan. 23, then Jan. 24, due to delays in mission 61-C. Launch was reset for Jan. 25 because of bad weather at the transoceanic abort landing (TAL) site in Dakar, Senegal. To utilize Casablanca (not equipped for night landings) as alternate TAL site, T-zero was moved to a morning liftoff time. The launch postponed another day when launch processing was unable to meet the new morning liftoff time. Prediction of unacceptable weather at KSC led to the launch being rescheduled for 9:37 a.m. EST, Jan. 27. The launch was delayed 24 hours again when the ground servicing equipment hatch closing fixture could not be removed from the orbiter hatch. The fixture was sawed off and an attaching bolt drilled out before closeout was completed. During the delay, cross winds exceeded return-to-launch-site limits at KSC's Shuttle Landing Facility. The launch Jan. 28 was delayed two hours when a hardware interface module in the launch processing system, which monitors the fire detection system, failed during liquid hydrogen tanking procedures.
Just after liftoff at .678 seconds into the flight, photographic data shows a strong puff of gray smoke was spurting from the vicinity of the aft field joint on the right solid rocket booster. Computer graphic analysis of the film from the pad cameras indicated the initial smoke came from the 270 to 310-degree sector of the circumference of the aft field joint of the right solid rocket booster. This area of the solid booster faces the external tank. The vaporized material streaming from the joint indicated there was not a complete sealing action within the joint.
Eight more distinctive puffs of increasingly blacker smoke were recorded between .836 and 2.500 seconds. The smoke appeared to puff upwards from the joint. While each smoke puff was being left behind by the upward flight of the shuttle, the next fresh puff could be seen near the level of the joint. The multiple smoke puffs in this sequence occurred at about four times per second, approximating the frequency of the structural load dynamics and resultant joint flexing. As the shuttle increased its upward velocity, it flew past the emerging and expanding smoke puffs. The last smoke was seen above the field joint at 2.733 seconds.
The black color and dense composition of the smoke puffs suggest that the grease, joint insulation and rubber O-rings in the joint seal were being burned and eroded by the hot propellant gases.
At approximately 37 seconds, Challenger encountered the first of several high-altitude wind shear conditions, which lasted until about 64 seconds. The wind shear created forces on the vehicle with relatively large fluctuations. These were immediately sensed and countered by the guidance, navigation and control system. The steering system (thrust vector control) of the solid rocket booster responded to all commands and wind shear effects. The wind shear caused the steering system to be more active than on any previous flight.
Both the shuttle main engines and the solid rockets operated at reduced thrust approaching and passing through the area of maximum dynamic pressure of 720 pounds per square foot. The main engines had been throttled up to 104 percent thrust and the solid rocket boosters were increasing their thrust when the first flickering flame appeared on the right solid rocket booster in the area of the aft field joint. This first very small flame was detected on image enhanced film at 58.788 seconds into the flight. It appeared to originate at about 305 degrees around the booster circumference at or near the aft field joint.
One film frame later from the same camera, the flame was visible without image enhancement. It grew into a continuous, well-defined plume at 59.262 seconds. At about the same time (60 seconds), telemetry showed a pressure differential between the chamber pressures in the right and left boosters. The right booster chamber pressure was lower, confirming the growing leak in the area of the field joint.
As the flame plume increased in size, it was deflected rearward by the aerodynamic slipstream and circumferentially by the protruding structure of the upper ring attaching the booster to the external tank. These deflections directed the flame plume onto the surface of the external tank. This sequence of flame spreading is confirmed by analysis of the recovered wreckage. The growing flame also impinged on the strut attaching the solid rocket booster to the external tank.
The first visual indication that swirling flame from the right solid rocket booster breached the external tank was at 64.660 seconds when there was an abrupt change in the shape and color of the plume. This indicated that it was mixing with leaking hydrogen from the external tank. Telemetered changes in the hydrogen tank pressurization confirmed the leak. Within 45 milliseconds of the breach of the external tank, a bright sustained glow developed on the black-tiled underside of the Challenger between it and the external tank.
Beginning at about 72 seconds, a series of events occurred extremely rapidly that terminated the flight. Telemetered data indicated a wide variety of flight system actions that support the visual evidence of the photos as the shuttle struggled futilely against the forces that were destroying it.
At about 72.20 seconds the lower strut linking the solid rocket booster and the external tank was severed or pulled away from the weakened hydrogen tank permitting the right solid rocket booster to rotate around the upper attachment strut. This rotation is indicated by divergent yaw and pitch rates between the left and right solid rocket boosters.
At 73.124 seconds, a circumferential white vapor pattern was observed blooming from the side of the external tank bottom dome. This was the beginning of the structural failure of hydrogen tank that culminated in the entire aft dome dropping away. This released massive amounts of liquid hydrogen from the tank and created a sudden forward thrust of about 2.8 million pounds, pushing the hydrogen tank upward into the intertank structure. At about the same time, the rotating right solid rocket booster impacted the intertank structure and the lower part of the liquid oxygen tank. These structures failed at 73.137 seconds as evidenced by the white vapors appearing in the intertank region.
Within milliseconds there was massive, almost explosive, burning of the hydrogen streaming from the failed tank bottom and liquid oxygen breach in the area of the intertank.
At this point in its trajectory, while traveling at a Mach number of 1.92 at an altitude of 46,000 feet, Challenger was totally enveloped in the explosive burn. The Challenger's reaction control system ruptured and a hypergolic burn of its propellants occurred as it exited the oxygen-hydrogen flames. The reddish brown colors of the hypergolic fuel burn are visible on the edge of the main fireball. The orbiter, under severe aerodynamic loads, broke into several large sections which emerged from the fireball. Separate sections that can be identified on film include the main engine/tail section with the engines still burning, one wing of the orbiter, and the forward fuselage trailing a mass of umbilical lines pulled loose from the payload bay.
The explosion 73 seconds after liftoff claimed crew and vehicle. The cause of explosion was determined to be an o-ring failure in the right solid rocket booster. Cold weather was determined to be a contributing factor.
Mission Highlights (Planned)
The planned orbital activities of the Challenger 51-L mission were as follows:
On Flight Day 1, after arriving into orbit, the crew was to have two periods of scheduled high activity. First they were to check the readiness of the TDRS-B satellite prior to planned deployment. After lunch they were to deploy the satellite and its Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) booster and to perform a series of separation maneuvers. The first sleep period was scheduled to be eight hours long starting about 18 hours after crew wakeup the morning of launch.
On Flight Day 2, the Comet Halley Active Monitoring Program (CHAMP) experiment was scheduled to begin. Also scheduled were the initial "teacher in space" (TISP) video taping and a firing of the orbital maneuvering engines (OMS) to place Challenger at the 152-mile orbital altitude from which the Spartan would be deployed.
On Flight Day 3, the crew was to begin pre-deployment preparations on the Spartan and then the satellite was to be deployed using the remote manipulator system (RMS) robot arm. Then the flight crew was to slowly separate from Spartan by 90 miles.
On Flight Day 4, the Challenger was to begin closing on Spartan while Gregory B. Jarvis continued fluid dynamics experiments started on day two and day 3. Live telecasts were also planned to be conducted by Christa McAuliffe.
On Flight Day 5, the crew was to rendezvous with Spartan and use the robot arm to capture the satellite and re-stow it in the payload bay.
On Flight Day 6, re-entry preparations were scheduled. This included flight control checks, test firing of maneuvering jets needed for re-entry, and cabin stowage. A crew news conferences was also scheduled following the lunch period.
On Flight Day 7, the day would have been spent preparing the Space Shuttle for deorbit and entry into the atmosphere. The Challenger was scheduled to land at the Kennedy Space Center 144 hours and 34 minutes after launch.
The American space shuttle, Challenger, has exploded killing all seven astronauts on board.
The five men and two women - including the first teacher in space - were just over a minute into their flight from Cape Canaveral in Florida when the Challenger blew up.
The astronauts' families, at the airbase, and millions of Americans witnessed the world's worst space disaster live on TV.
The danger from falling debris prevented rescue boats reaching the scene for more than an hour.
In 25 years of space exploration seven people have died - today that total has been doubled.
President Ronald Reagan has described the tragedy as "a national loss".
The Challenger's flight, the 25th by a shuttle, had already been delayed because of bad weather. High winds, then icicles caused the launch to be postponed from 22 January.
But Nasa officials insist safety remains their top priority and there was no pressure to launch the shuttle today.
The shuttle crew was led by Commander Dick Scobee, 46. Christa McAuliffe, 37, married with two children, was to be the first school teacher in space - picked from among 10,000 entries for a competition.
Speaking before the launch, she said: "One of the things I hope to bring back into the classroom is to make that connection with the students that they too are part of history, the space programme belongs to them and to try to bring them up with the space age."
President Reagan has put off his state of the union address. He was meeting senior aides in the Oval Office when he learned of the disaster.
We will never forget them
US President Ronald Reagan
He has called for an immediate inquiry into the disaster but he said the space programme would go on - in honour to the dead astronauts. Vice-President George Bush has been sent to Cape Canaveral to visit the victims' families.
This evening, the president went on national television to pay tribute to the courage and bravery of the seven astronauts.
He said: "We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them this morning as they prepared for their journey and waved goodbye and slipped the surly bonds of earth to touch the face of God."
ON THIS DAY IN 1967: APOLLO 1 CREW DIE INSIDE APOLLO SPACE CRAFT DURING PRE-LAUNCH TEST
January 27, 2008
Remembering Apollo 1
FROM THE BBC:
1967: Three astronauts die in Apollo 1 tragedy
Three American astronauts have died after fire swept through the Apollo spacecraft designed for a manned flight to the Moon during rehearsals at Cape Kennedy.
It is thought an electrical spark started in the area holding oxygen supplies and other support systems. The fire spread quickly in the oxygen-filled atmosphere of the capsule, killing the crew within seconds.
The space crew, flight commander Gus Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee, were taking part in a test run for the launch of the first Apollo mission.
Navy Lieutenant Commander Chaffee, aged 31, had never flown in space before. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Grissom, 39, was the first American to make two flights. Air Force Lieutenant Colonel White, 35, made America's first space walk.
There will be risks, as there are in any experimental programme, and sooner or later, we're going to ... lose somebody
Gus Grissom
It is feared the disaster on launch pad 34 could delay America's plans to put a man on the Moon by as much as a year.
The three men were in the command module, mounted on the Saturn rocket as if ready for launch, but Saturn was not loaded with fuel.
At 1831 hours one of the astronauts was heard to say, "Fire, I smell fire."
Two seconds later, another astronaut, probably Lt Col White said, "Fire in the cockpit."
The fire spread through the cabin rapidly. The last communication from the crew was heard just 17 seconds later.
The pressurised atmosphere inside the capsule meant the astronauts would not have had time to open the hatch.
Under ideal conditions, the process takes about 90 seconds. It involves venting the cabin to relieve the interior pressure which helps hold the door closed.
It took technicians on the outside about five minutes after the fire had started to open the hatch.
There will be a full investigation into what caused the fire, but already questions are being asked about whether safety corners were cut in the race to be first to the Moon.
The astronauts knew there were risks involved. Lt Col Grissom became the second American in space in the Liberty Bell 7. On splashdown, the space capsule filled with water and sank and he almost drowned.
A few weeks before the launch pad tragedy, he wrote: "There will be risks, as there are in any experimental programme, and sooner or later, we're going to run head-on into the law of averages and lose somebody.
"I hope this never happens, and... perhaps it never will, but if it does, I hope the American people won't think it's too high a price to pay for our space programme."
The Apollo mission's maiden flight was due to blast off into space on 21 February.
From left, Apollo 1 astronauts Virgil I. "Gus" Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee pose in front of their Saturn 1 launch vehicle at Launch Complex 34 at the Kennedy Space Center.
On the morning of Jan. 27, 1967, the crew was sitting atop the launch pad for a pre-launch test when a fire broke out in their capsule. The investigation into the fatal accident led to major design changes, making the Apollo spacecraft safer for the coming journeys to the moon.
President Lyndon Johnson paid tribute to the astronauts saying: "Three valiant young men have given their lives in the nation's service. We mourn this great loss and our hearts go out to their families."
The Apollo 1 tragedy led to a major investigation and criticism was levelled at Nasa for its complacency in underestimating the likelihood of fire.
A number of modifications were made to the Apollo spacecraft: the hatch was redesigned and made easier to open from the inside, the interior of the capsule was made more fireproof, the atmosphere was changed to a less flammable mixture of nitrogen and oxygen rather than just pure oxygen and the astronauts were given fireproof suits.
The space programme was delayed but not halted. On 25 May 1961 President John F Kennedy had committed Americans to landing a man on the Moon by the end of the decade.
Apollo 7 was successfully launched on 11 October 1968 for its maiden crewed voyage.
Less than a year later in July 1969, Apollo 11 landed Neil Armstrong on the Moon.
MARILYN MONROE FINALIZES DIVORCE FROM PLAYWRIGHT ARTHUR MILLER
January 24, 2008
ON THIS DAY IN 1961:
FROM THE BBC
1961: End of the road for Monroe and Miller
The Hollywood screen star Marilyn Monroe has divorced her husband, playwright Arthur Miller, after less than five years of marriage.
The divorce was granted in Mexico, where a judge signed the decree. The grounds of divorce were listed as "incompatibility".
It has been rumoured that the pair have had frequent quarrels over their differing lifestyles.
Mr Miller has recently been working with his wife on her most recent film, The Misfits, based on a short story he wrote, although the pair were reported to be barely speaking on set.
The film is due to be released this month.
Affair
The divorce was officially announced last November, and a spokesman at the time said they had already separated.
Sources close to the couple said Arthur Miller had in fact left Miss Monroe for German-born photographer Inge Morath, whom he met on the set of The Misfits.
The couple married in 1956, five years after they first met. Marilyn Monroe converted to Judaism for her new husband, who rose to prominence with his play "Death of a Salesman" in 1949, which won the Pulitzer Prize.
Soon after they were married, Arthur Miller told journalists: "Marilyn will only make one film in every 18 months or so, which will take her about eight weeks."
When asked what she would do for the rest of the time, he replied, "She will be my wife. That's a full-time job."
Risked career
Marilyn Monroe disagreed, and continued to pursue her film work to the full, travelling to England to shoot "The Prince and the Showgirl" with Laurence Olivier shortly after the wedding.
However, she used her influence - and risked her own career - to help her husband after he was found guilty of contempt of Congress by the House Un-American Activities Committee for refusing to reveal the names of a literary group suspected of Communist sympathies.
Marilyn Monroe went with him to Washington to speak in his favour at the contempt hearings, and her intervention is widely thought to have contributed to the overturning of his conviction the following year.
Marilyn Monroe had been married twice before. Her first husband was Jimmy Dougherty, whom she married aged 16. The marriage did not survive her "discovery" and subsequent rise to fame.
In 1954, she met and married baseball star Joe DiMaggio, but it was a tempestuous partnership and ended just nine months later.
Marilyn Monroe and Arthur Miller had been married for less than five years
In Context
Marilyn Monroe's divorce was part of a decline which was marked
by her erratic behaviour on set and persistent abuse of alcohol
and drugs.
The Misfits was to be her last completed film. Soon after, in 1962, she
also made her last major public appearance, singing "Happy Birthday"
to President John F Kennedy at a televised party for him.
On 5 August 1962 she was found dead in her Los Angeles
home, aged 36.
Her death was officially attributed to suicide by drug overdose,
but has been the subject of numerous conspiracy theories.
She had been due to re-marry her second husband, baseball
star Joe DiMaggio, three days later.
Arthur Miller married photographer Inge Morath a month after
his divorce from Marilyn Monroe.
He later wrote compassionately of Monroe in his autobiography,
referring to his marriage to her as "the best of times,
the worst of times". He stayed with Inge Morath until her death
in 2002. Arthur Miller died in 2005.
Monroe: 40 years of allure
Douglas Kirkland captured the screen idol as icon
By Finlo Rohrer BBC News Online entertainment staff
Forty years after her body was found in a bungalow in Brentwood, Los Angeles, Marilyn Monroe still fascinates.
Audrey Hepburn, James Dean, Steve McQueen, John Lennon and Elvis remain celebrities beyond the grave, but most of all Monroe epitomises what it means to be an icon.
Often photographed, often impersonated, these stars shared good looks, unconventional lifestyles even by celebrity standards, and lives that ended tragically and prematurely.
It is still Marilyn Monroe whose star shines the brightest. While other pin-ups, poster girls and primadonnas have faded in the public's collective consciousness, Monroe's image is as instantly recognisable as it ever was.
Her extraordinary photogenic qualities helped make a star out of her and she made names for the people who photographed her.
Just as Patrick Demarchelier and Mario Testino found wider fame by photographing Princess Diana, so Eve Arnold, Bert Stern and Douglas Kirkland greatly enhanced their reputations by capturing the screen icon.
Great insecurity
Many fans say they remain captivated by the mystery and complexity of Monroe's character.
She was an exhibitionist who was said to have slept with the Kennedys as well as many of Hollywood's most powerful men, but was also consumed by insecurity.
Fascination with her convoluted private life was exacerbated by a death that has led to four decades of murder conspiracy theories.
One of her last photo-shoots was with Kirkland, with Monroe naked except for a white sheet. The images are currently being shown for the first time in Britain.
Gallery owner Alex Proud agrees that the star's mix of power and vulnerability explained much of her appeal.
"When you see pictures of her it makes the hairs on the back of your neck stand up. She either has a genuine ethereal, magical, muse quality or I've been programmed to feel like that. I think it is the former.
"A lot of that might be down to her vulnerability. She was openly vulnerable whereas most of the icons of that generation had very protected PR.
"Douglas Kirkland said he never met a woman who so wanted to be loved."
Despite the magnetic quality of her modelling, many critics felt Monroe's performances as an actress were at best hit-and-miss.
Sensational as singer Sugar Kane in Some Like It Hot, but panned for many of her other performances, she became famous for late arrivals and a bad attitude to her work.
Monroe memorabilia collector Stephen Vowles says her acting was underrated, insisting: "It takes a clever woman to play a dumb blonde."
Mr Vowles, who sells magazine advertising space, last week paid £3,500 at Cooper Owen's London memorabilia auction for a postcard signed by Monroe and admits it is her appearance and aura that still appeals.
"She was incredibly beautiful and the images of her are sensational. She made love to the camera, she knew what the camera could do for her, like Diana in a way. You could see the way the pictures changed.
"It was said it was like she walked into a room in slow motion. People tried to copy it and parody it but they never pulled it off.
"Her image is timeless. Her face is used on billboards all the time to sell products that weren't even thought of when she was alive."
Lifestyle pioneer
Other British fans of Marilyn Monroe will be joining those in the US and elsewhere to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the screen legend's death.
Among those paying tribute will be the UK's Marilyn Lives Society who are in Los Angeles for parties and memorial services celebrating the star's short life.
They will be remembering a woman who remains the archetypal celebrity-lifestyle pioneer, employing a personal trainer, jogging before it was a recognised pastime and following diets to control her fluctuating weight.
And as well as her ubiquitous visual legacy, Monroe marked an important trend in the history of film industry politics, taking on the declining studios and paving the way for the power of the modern actor, demanding in their working conditions and demanding over salaries.
Douglas Kirkland's pictures can be seen at the Elvis and Marilyn exhibition at the Proud Galleries, 5 Buckingham Street, near The Strand in London until 5 September.
ON THIS DAY IN 1961: JOHN F. KENNEDY SWORN IN AS THE 35th PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.....ON THIS DAY IN 2009: BARACK OBAMA IS SWORN IN AS 44th AND 1st AFRICAN AMERICAN PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
January 20, 2008
ON THIS DAY IN 2009:
BARACK OBAMA IS SWORN IN AS 44th PRESIDENT AND GIVES HIS INAUGURAL ADDRESS BELOW:
President Barack Obama's Inaugural Address
President Obama delivered his Inaugural Address, calling for a "new era of responsibility."
Inaugural Address
By President Barack Hussein Obama
My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you've bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.
I thank President Bush for his service to our nation -- (applause) -- as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.
Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often, the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because we, the people, have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebears and true to our founding documents.
So it has been; so it must be with this generation of Americans.
That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost, jobs shed, businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly, our schools fail too many -- and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.
These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable, but no less profound, is a sapping of confidence across our land; a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, that the next generation must lower its sights.
Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this America: They will be met. (Applause.)
On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord. On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn-out dogmas that for far too long have strangled our politics. We remain a young nation. But in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness. (Applause.)
In reaffirming the greatness of our nation we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted, for those that prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things -- some celebrated, but more often men and women obscure in their labor -- who have carried us up the long rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.
For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life. For us, they toiled in sweatshops, and settled the West, endured the lash of the whip, and plowed the hard earth. For us, they fought and died in places like Concord and Gettysburg, Normandy and Khe Sahn.
Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions, greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.
This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week, or last month, or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions -- that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America. (Applause.)
For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of our economy calls for action, bold and swift. And we will act, not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We'll restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise health care's quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. All this we will do.
Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions, who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short, for they have forgotten what this country has already done, what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage. What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them, that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply.
The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works -- whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account, to spend wisely, reform bad habits, and do our business in the light of day, because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.
Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched. But this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control. The nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our gross domestic product, but on the reach of our prosperity, on the ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart -- not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good. (Applause.)
As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals. Our Founding Fathers -- (applause) -- our Founding Fathers, faced with perils that we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man -- a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expedience sake. (Applause.)
And so, to all the other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born, know that America is a friend of each nation, and every man, woman and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity. And we are ready to lead once more. (Applause.)
Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with the sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint.
We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort, even greater cooperation and understanding between nations. We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we'll work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet.
We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense. And for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken -- you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you. (Applause.)
For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus, and non-believers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.
To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect. To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society's ills on the West, know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. (Applause.)
To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history, but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist. (Applause.)
To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to the suffering outside our borders, nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it.
As we consider the role that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who at this very hour patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains. They have something to tell us, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages.
We honor them not only because they are the guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service -- a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves.
And yet at this moment, a moment that will define a generation, it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all. For as much as government can do, and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child that finally decides our fate.
Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends -- honesty and hard work, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism -- these things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history.
What is demanded, then, is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility -- a recognition on the part of every American that we have duties to ourselves, our nation and the world; duties that we do not grudgingly accept, but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character than giving our all to a difficult task.
This is the price and the promise of citizenship. This is the source of our confidence -- the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny. This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed, why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent mall; and why a man whose father less than 60 years ago might not have been served in a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath. (Applause.)
So let us mark this day with remembrance of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At the moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words to be read to the people:
"Let it be told to the future world...that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive... that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it]."
America: In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our children's children that when we were tested we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God's grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations.
Thank you. God bless you. And God bless the United States of America. (Applause.)
ON THIS DAY IN 1961:
1961: John F Kennedy sworn in as US president
Watch/Listen
FROM THE BBC
The Democrat John F Kennedy has been sworn in as the youngest ever elected president of the United States.
The 43-year-old Roman Catholic was inaugurated as the 35th president on a snow-covered Capitol Hill in Washington. He takes over from the oldest president in American history, General Dwight Eisenhower, who is bowing out aged 70.
The president's Republican rival, Richard Nixon, who came a close second in the race for the White House, also attended the inauguration ceremony.
Millions watched the swearing-in of the new president on television. He chose to wear formal dress, including a top hat, for the occasion.
Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country
President John F Kennedy
President Kennedy began his speech by addressing "my fellow citizens" - the term first used by President George Washington but rejected by later presidents in favour of the less formal "my fellow Americans".
His ten-minute address appealed to Americans to unite in the fight against the common enemy of man: tyranny, poverty, disease and war itself.
For the people of the world struggling against the "bonds of misery", the president pledged, "our best efforts to help them help themselves".
He continued: "If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich."
He also appealed to the Soviet Union to begin a new quest for peace.
"Let both sides for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations," he said.
President Kennedy closed his speech with the words: "Ask not what your country can do for you - ask what you can do for your country. My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man."
His words were greeted with rousing applause.
In Context
President Kennedy was a Harvard graduate and a war hero.
He became a Democratic Congressman in 1946 and a senator
in 1952. He married Jacqueline Bouvier in 1953.
He ran against Richard Nixon for the White House. In September
1960 millions watched the pair battle it out in a series of
television debates.
Shortly after his election, he supported a Cuban rebel attempt
to overthrow the communist regime of Fidel Castro in Cuba.
It was unsuccessful and led the Russians to install nuclear
weapons on Cuba in 1962 triggering what became known as the
Cuban missile crisis.
The crisis was narrowly averted. In August 1963, Kennedy
negotiated the first nuclear test ban treaty with the Soviet
Union in what was seen as a first step towards ending the Cold War.
On 22 November 1963, President Kennedy was assassinated.
He was shot in the head as he drove through Dallas, Texas
The delivery of aid to victims of Haiti's earthquake is still being slowed by bottlenecks, aid workers say.
UN and Oxfam staff are finally bringing food and water to some parts of the capital Port-au-Prince, but the airport remains clogged with loaded planes.
Many survivors of Tuesday's quake have become desperate as they wait for aid, and many are trying to leave the city.
UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, who has arrived in Haiti, said it was the worst humanitarian crisis for decades.
Mr Ban visited the ruins of the UN mission, where several staff including Special Representative Hedi Annabi were killed, and meet President Rene Preval.
On Sunday afternoon, a Danish UN worker was pulled alive from the rubble of the building. Four other people were rescued during the day.
The UN has launched an appeal for $562m (£346m) intended to help three million people for six months, while some two million people are thought to need emergency relief.
AT THE SCENE
Nick Davis, BBC News, Haiti
In this highly Christian country, there are still songs of praise being sung, but also prayers for the dead and dying.
Relief has started trickling through, with NGOs, the UN and the US military getting food and water to those who need it.
But demand has so far outstripped supply, as the distribution points become quickly overwhelmed by the numbers of people clamouring for supplies.
Bottlenecks still exist between getting the aid, which is arriving in large amounts, to the people who desperately need it.
Meanwhile first reports from the epicentre of the earthquake suggest the damage is even more dramatic than in the capital.
The BBC's Mark Doyle in Leogane, west of Port-au-Prince, described the scene as "apocalyptic", with thousands left homeless and almost every building destroyed.
There are also security concerns amid reports of looting.
The US Southern Command's Lt-Gen Ken Keen said that while streets were largely calm there had been an increase in violence.
"We are going to have to address the situation of security," he said, quoted by the Associated Press.
"We've had incidents of violence that impede our ability to support the government of Haiti and answer the challenges that this country faces."
AFP news agency quoted one of its photographers as saying police had opened fire on looters in a Port-au-Prince market, killing at least one of them.
Airport 'overwhelmed'
Correspondents say although the amount of supplies getting through is still small, there is a sense of movement at last.
UN LOSSES IN HAITI
37 UN staff confirmed dead, more than 300 missing
Includes Special Representative Hedi Annabi, deputy Luiz Carlos da Costa and acting police commissioner Doug Coates
UN HQ in the Christopher Hotel and other buildings collapsed in the quake
Believed to be the biggest single loss of life in the UN's history
The UN World Food Programme has been handing out aid packages containing food, while UK charity Oxfam has been distributing water.
US troops said they had set up their first foothold outside the airport to deliver aid carried in by helicopters.
But many victims are still not receiving any aid, as the airport remains a bottleneck. UN Humanitarian Coordinator Kim Bolduc says getting supplies out to them from the planes is still a major hurdle.
"The Haitian airport now is overwhelmed," said UN Assistant Secretary General for Peacekeeping Operations, Edmond Mulet.
The port is badly damaged, and many roads still blocked by corpses and debris.
David Wimhurst, a spokesman for the UN peacekeeping force in Haiti, said aid was being delivered as quickly as possible.
"Aid is going out but it's simply impossible in 24 hours to bring in enough aid to instantly feed all these people, many of whom are in places that are inaccessible," he said.
We need fuel to bring in supplies and carry the wounded
The Haitian and Dominican Republic governments are planning an alternative 130km (80 miles) humanitarian road corridor to deliver relief supplies from the southern Dominican town of Barahona, the UN reports.
The UN has warned about fuel shortages, which it says could affect humanitarian operations.
"Fuel is the key issue," Elisabeth Byrs, a spokeswoman for the UN Office for the Co-ordination of Humanitarian Affairs, told the BBC. "We need fuel to bring in supplies and carry the wounded."
'No help'
The UN says up to 80-90% of buildings in Leogane, about 19km west of Port-au-Prince, have been destroyed.
One survivor in the town said he had come to Haiti from America for his mother's funeral, only for his wife to be killed in the earthquake. He said that so far people in the area had received no help of any kind.
"We don't have any aid, nothing at all," he said. "No food, no water, no medical, no doctors."
Estimates of how many people died following the 7.0 magnitude earthquake on Tuesday have varied.
The Pan American Health Organization put the death toll at 50,000-100,000, while Haitian Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive said 100,000 "would seem a minimum".
A UN official has said aid workers are dealing with a disaster "like no other" in UN memory because the country had been "decapitated".
Three ministers and several senators are reported to have been killed.
The US has launched what President Barack Obama called "one of the largest relief efforts in its history" following the quake.
US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was the first senior Western official to arrive in Haiti, on Saturday.
She told Haitians that the US would be "here today, tomorrow and for the time ahead", asserting that "Haiti can come back even better and stronger in the future".
ON THIS DAY IN 2009: SHUTTLE DISCOVERY POISED FOR NEXT FLIGHT TO SPACE STATION...FEBRUARY 12, 2009
January 8, 2008
Shuttle Discovery Moves Closer to Launch After Glitches By James Dean FLORIDA TODAY posted: 8 January 2009 9:29 am ET
After an eight-hour delay to replace a tire and wait out rain showers, shuttle Discovery on Wednesday moved a step closer to its Kennedy Space Center launch pad.
Preparing for a Feb. 12 liftoff to the International Space Station, the orbiter was rolled from a spaceport processing hangar to the 52-story Vehicle Assembly Building for connections to an external tank and solid rocket boosters, planned for today.
"It gets the spacecraft in position to support our targeted launch date," KSC spokeswoman Candrea Thomas said of the process called a "rollover."
A 76-wheeled, 107-foot long transporter carried Discovery about a quarter mile, a trip that began when the shuttle backed slowly out of its hangar just before 2:30 p.m. EST and ended less than an hour later.
Scheduled to start at 6:30 a.m. EST, the rollover was delayed when workers overnight found that Discovery's left outboard tire had lost pressure and needed to be replaced.
Later, technicians examined landing gear on the orbiter's right side to make sure an electrical cable was positioned properly.
Early afternoon showers forced the shuttle to remain sheltered, but soon after the rain cleared, workers rolled the 25-year-old spaceship into the assembly building.
Discovery and its mobile launcher platform are scheduled to move to launch pad 39A Wednesday.
The shuttle will deliver the final piece of the space station's central backbone, a 31,000-pound girder holding a pair of solar wings that will complete the station's power supply.
Space center workers on Wednesday loaded the truss segment into the canister in which the payload will be transported to the launch pad over the weekend.
On Friday, NASA managers and Discovery's seven-person crew are scheduled to brief reporters on the planned 14-day mission.
The crew, led by mission commander Lee Archambault, is expected to visit KSC for three days of training starting Jan. 19.